---------
Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is anaphoric, referring back to Sally
-------
---------
Meronym (is a part of) Holonym.
Fingers (are a part of) Hand.
---------
Hyponym (is a type of) Hypernym.
A Duck (is a type of) Bird.
Hypernym can be used for -semantic compression-
---------
Metonym
A Figure of Speech. Something called not by its own name, but by something associated in meaning:
Washington :: US Government.
Also:
Equivocation exploits the ambiguity of language by changing the meaning of a word during the course of an argument and using the different meanings to support some conclusion.A word whose meaning is maintained throughout an argument is described as being used univocally.
Examples of qualia are the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky
…And the article explodes in to a fertile field of philosophy…